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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Head and Neck Tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Head and Neck Tumors</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли головы и шеи</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2222-1468</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-4634</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1104</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2222-1468-2025-15-4-116-124</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CASE REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of molecular diagnostics and targeted therapy in the management of radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma with aggressive clinical course</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль молекулярной диагностики и таргетной терапии в лечении радиойодрезистентного дифференцированного рака щитовидной железы с агрессивным течением</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1632-2197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reinberg</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рейнберг</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mreinberg911@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-2438</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Slashchuk</surname><given-names>K. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слащук</surname><given-names>К. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mreinberg911@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6759-2598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kekeeva</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кекеева</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mreinberg911@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-3307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Peshkov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пешков</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mreinberg911@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-1396</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serzhenko</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серженко</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mreinberg911@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-2607</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Degtyarev</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дегтярев</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mreinberg911@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Endocrinology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии им. акад. И. И. Дедова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр им. акад. Н. П. Бочкова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>116</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Reinberg M.V., Slashchuk K.Y., Kekeeva T.V., Peshkov R.A., Serzhenko S.S., Degtyarev M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Рейнберг М.В., Слащук К.Ю., Кекеева Т.В., Пешков Р.А., Серженко С.С., Дегтярев М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Reinberg M.V., Slashchuk K.Y., Kekeeva T.V., Peshkov R.A., Serzhenko S.S., Degtyarev M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рейнберг М.В., Слащук К.Ю., Кекеева Т.В., Пешков Р.А., Серженко С.С., Дегтярев М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ogsh.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1104">https://ogsh.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/1104</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Despite favorable prognosis for differentiated thyroid cancer, 5–10 % of the cases are radioiodine-refractory form of this pathology characterized by aggressive course. Molecular and genetic causes of the resistance are genetic mutations, primarily in the BRAF (V600E mutations), TP53, TERT, RAS, NTRK and RET genes, oligoclonality, and somatic tumor heterogeneity. These cell events can affect response to targeted therapy, promote the «evasion» effect, development of radioiodine resistance, and underlie the possibility of tumor re-differentiation when treatment affects these targets.</p> <p><bold>Clinical case. </bold>The article describes a clinical case of combination treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with lung metastases. In 2016–2022, the female patient received 3 courses of radioiodine therapy which did not achieve any significant effect. Due to this, targeted therapy with sorafenib at the place of residence was initiated. Considering development of medication intolerance and disease progression (local metastasis of BRAF-positive tumor and laryngeal stenosis), targeted therapy was switched to BRAF / MEK-specific with subsequent course of radioiodine therapy and achievement of stable disease for 1 year.<bold> </bold>Genetic examination of the primary tumor and metastasis showed presence of the BRAF<sup>V600E</sup> mutation. Variant allele frequencies (VAF) in metastasis and recurrent tumor were 12 and 6 %, respectively. In the recurrent tumor, H1047L mutation in the PIK3CA gene was found (VAF 8 %). Previous examinations in two other laboratories did not show BRAF gene mutation in this tumor which did not correspond to primary partial response to targeted therapy with BRAF / MEK inhibitors. That said, our analysis identified this mutation.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The obtained data highlight significant diagnostic difficulties of analysis of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples: preanalytical degradation of nucleic acids, fixation artefacts, low VAF, non-representative biopsy sampling increase the risk of false negative results. The presented clinical case demonstrates the necessity of routing of patients with aggressive tumors into specialized centers, and that treatment and diagnostic tactics should be determined by a qualified multidisciplinary team.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Несмотря на благоприятный прогноз дифференцированного рака щитовидной железы, в 5–10 % случаев встречаются радиойодрезистентные формы данной патологии, характеризующиеся агрессивным течением. Молекулярно-биологическими причинами резистентности являются генетические мутации, в основном в генах BRAF (мутация V600E), TP53, TERT, RAS, NTRK и RET, олигоклональность и соматическая гетерогенность опухоли. Перечисленные клеточные события могут влиять на ответ на таргетную терапию, способствовать развитию эффекта «ускользания», формированию радиойодрезистентности и вместе с тем определять возможность к редифференцировке опухоли при воздействии на эти мишени.</p> <p><bold>Клинический случай. </bold>В статье<bold> </bold>описан клинический случай комбинированного лечения дифференцированного рака щитовидной железы с метастазами в легких. В 2016–2022 гг. пациентка получила 3 курса радиойодтерапии, которая не дала значимого эффекта. В связи с этим инициирована таргетная терапия сорафенибом по месту жительства. С учетом развития непереносимости препарата и прогрессирования заболевания на фоне отмены таргетной терапии (возникновение местного рецидива BRAF-положительной опухоли и стеноза гортани) проведена смена таргетной терапии на BRAF / MEK-специфичную с последующим курсом радиойодтерапии и достижением стабильного ответа на протяжении 1 года наблюдения.<bold> </bold>В ходе генетического исследования в<bold> </bold>образцах первичной опухоли и метастаза обнаружена мутация BRAF<sup>V600E</sup>. Частота вариантного аллеля (VAF) в метастазе и рецидивной опухоли составила 12 и 6 % соответственно. В рецидивной опухоли выявлена мутация H1047L в гене PIK3CA (VAF – 8 %). Ранее при исследовании в двух других лабораториях мутации в гене BRAF в этой опухоли найдено не было, что не соответствовало первичному частичному ответу на таргетную терапию BRAF / MEK-ингибиторами. При этом в ходе проведенного нами анализа данная мутация была идентифицирована.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные данные подчеркивают значительные диагностические трудности при анализе фиксированных формалином и залитых в парафин блоков: преаналитическая деградация нуклеиновых кислот, фиксационные артефакты, низкая VAF, нерепрезентативная биопсийная выборка повышают риск ложноотрицательных результатов. Представленный клинический случай демонстрирует необходимость маршрутизации пациентов с агрессивными опухолями в профильные центры, а также то, что лечебно-диагностическая тактика должна определяться квалифицированной мультидисциплинарной командой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>differentiated thyroid cancer</kwd><kwd>radioiodine resistance</kwd><kwd>molecular and genetic testing</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>re-differentiation</kwd><kwd>BRAF gene</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дифференцированный рак щитовидной железы</kwd><kwd>радиойодрезистентность</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетическое тестирование</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>редифференцировка</kwd><kwd>ген BRAF</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed within the framework of the state assignment “Pharmacosafety research of theranostic radiopharmaceutical drugs using hybrid molecular imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine and oncological diseases in children and adults” (registration number of the Unified State Information System for Recording the Results of Research, Development and Technological Work 123021000041-6).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания «Исследование фармакобезопасности тераностических радиофармацевтических лекарственных препаратов с использованием гибридной молекулярной визуализации в диагностике и лечении эндокринных и онкологических заболеваний в детской и взрослой возрастных группах» (регистрационный номер Единой государственной информационной системы учета результатов научно-исследовательских, опытно-конструкторских и технологических работ 123021000041-6).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Liu J., Liu Y., Lin Y., Liang J. 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