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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Head and Neck Tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Head and Neck Tumors</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли головы и шеи</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2222-1468</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-4634</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">323</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2222-1468-2018-8-1-48-55</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">An update on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in respect to classification and systemic therapy. Extended review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Новые результаты исследования плоскоклеточного рака головы и шеи в отношении классификации и системной терапии. Расширенный обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0918-3857</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mudunov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мудунов</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23 Kashirskoe Road, Moscow 115478.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9543-990X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ahundov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахундов</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23 Kashirskoe Road, Moscow 115478.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolotin</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Болотин</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>23 Kashirskoe Road, Moscow 115478.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24.</p></bio><email>bolotin1980@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7760-5556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Braunschweig</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брауншвейг</surname><given-names>Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>30 Pauwelsstraße, D-52074 Aachen.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>D-52074 Аахен, Пауэльштрассе, 30.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт патологии Университетской клиники г. Аахен.</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-04-12"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-04-12"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Mudunov A., Ahundov A., Bolotin M., Braunschweig T.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Мудунов А., Ахундов А., Болотин М., Брауншвейг Т.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mudunov A., Ahundov A., Bolotin M., Braunschweig T.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мудунов А., Ахундов А., Болотин М., Брауншвейг Т.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ogsh.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/323">https://ogsh.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/323</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the 10 most common cancers and demonstrates high mortality rates. Well known for its relation to smoking and alcohol consumption, in within the past 10 years a high number of cases, especially of the oropharynx could  be shown to be based on an infection of human papilloma virus, high risk subtypes, mostly type 16 and 18. Often it is connected to younger age at onset, better outcome and better response to radiochemotherapy.</p><p>Next to well established radiochemotherapy schemes, including targeted therapy as cetuximab, in the recent 2 years a complete new therapeutic approach manifested, called checkpoint inhibition. The drugs of this class block a binding of a membranous ligand to a surface receptor  on T-cells. Without blocking, this binding is physiological in antigen-presenting cells or many other normal tissue cells (e.g. heart muscle, trophoblast) inhibiting activation of the cytotoxic T-cells. Research revealed an identical way of tumor cells escaping cell death caused  by patient’s own immune system. By blocking this inhibition, in several carcinoma entities, a very effective disease control was achieved.  So far, 2 pairs of binding are approved for treatment: CD80-CTLA4 and PD1-PDL1. In CD80-CTLA4, it is an inhibitor to CTLA4 (e. g. Ipilimumab), in PD1-PDL1, for both, the ligand an receptor are several inhibitors on the market (e. g. Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, Durvalumab). So far, there could not be found a highly predictive marker for the grade of efficiency of these inhibitors. Next  to very recent and complex markers, tumor mutational burden, the immunohistochemical staining for the ligand, PD-L1 could be established in a few number of carcinoma, incuding adenocarcinoma of the lung. Next to different ways of interpretation of the staining, also different staining procedures used in the trials are hindering an easy establishment of this marker in pathology laboratories. The staining procedures used in trials are not comparable with common immunohistochemistry due to very high costs of reagents (test-kits sold by the involved companies, so called companion diagnostic). To overcome these drawbacks, different studies were performed comparing the different antibody clones  of immunohistochemical stains used in the official trials and antibodies of other companies. These harmonization studies brought to light that most antibodies stain equally, even the antibodies available from other companies thus making this stain more effordable and possible  for introduction in the marker-portfolio of labs of pathology.</p><p>In HNSCC there is a better response to checkpoint inhibitors in cases of high PD-L1 expression, but also in negative cases, an effect could  be seen. The actual approval are exclusively for patients in second line without PD-L1 testing. Upcoming approvals for first line treatment  by checkpoint inhibitors are likely to include immunohistochemical testing for PD-L1. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Плоскоклеточный рак головы и шеи (ПРГШ) входит в десятку наиболее часто встречающихся форм и характеризуется высокими показателями летальности. Хорошо известна его связь с курением и употреблением алкоголя. Несмотря на это в последние время все чаще диагностируется ПРГШ, особенно ротоглотки, ассоциированный с вирусом папилломы человека подтипов высокого риска, преимущественно 16 и 18. Часто его развитие коррелирует с молодым возрастом, лучшим ответом на консервативную химиолучевую терапию и лучшим прогнозом.Наряду с общепринятыми схемами конкурентного химиолучевого лечения, включая таргетную терапию цетуксимабом, в последние 2 года появился совершенно новый класс препаратов – противораковые моноклональные антитела. Препараты этого класса блокируют связывание мембранного лиганда с поверхностным рецептором Т-клеток. В норме эта связь является физиологической для антигенпрезентирующих клеток и множества других нормальных клеток (например, кардиомиоцитов, трофобластов), ингибирующих активацию цитотоксических Т-клеток. Исследования показали, что нечто похожее происходит с опухолевыми клетками, избегающими клеточной смерти, которую вызывает функционирование собственной иммунной системы пациента. Данные препараты уже показали свою эффективность при некоторых формах рака.</p><p>В настоящее время только 2 комбинации одобрены для терапии: CD80-CTLA4 и PD1-PDL1. Комбинация CD80-CTLA4 представлена ингибитором CTLA4 (например, ипилимумаб), комбинация PD1-PDL1 представлена на фармацевтическом рынке ингибиторами как для PD1, так и PDL1 (ниволумаб, пембролизумаб, атезолизумаб, дурвалумаб). На данный момент невозможно выделить высокоточный прогностический критерий оценки эффективности этих препаратов. Следом за недавно выявленными комплексными критериями (мутационная нагрузка опухоли) может быть использовано иммуногистохимическое окрашивание лиганда PD-L1 в нескольких видах карцином, включая аденокарциному легкого. Наряду с различными способами интерпретации окрашивания, различные процедуры окрашивания, используемые в исследованиях, также препятствуют широкому внедрению этого маркера в работу лабораторий. Процедуры окрашивания, используемые в исследованиях, несопоставимы с общепринятой практикой проведения иммуногистохимического анализа из-за высоких затрат на реагенты (тест-наборы для так называемой сопутствующей диагностики). Для преодоления этих препятствий были проведены исследования, сравнивающие различные клоны антител для иммуногистохимического окрашивания, используемые в официальных испытаниях, и антитела других компаний. Такие сравнительные исследования установили, что большинство антител окрашиваются одинаково, в том числе антитела, предлагаемые другими компаниями, что делает проведение окрашивания более легким и позволяет ввести их в арсенал лабораторий.</p><p>При ПРГШ наблюдается лучший ответ на терапию у пациентов с высоким уровнем экспрессии PD-L1, однако отсутствие экспрессии далеко не всегда означает отсутствие клинического ответа на терапию. В настоящее время очевидно, что данные препараты являются препаратами терапии 2-й линии у пациентов с неизвестным статусом PD1/PDL1. Для решения о применении данных препаратов как терапии 1-й линии необходимы большие рандомизированные исследования с обязательной оценкой статуса экспрессии. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>head and neck squamous cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>radiochemotherapy</kwd><kwd>checkpoint inhibition</kwd><kwd>Ipilimumab</kwd><kwd>Nivolumab</kwd><kwd>Pembrolizumab</kwd><kwd>Atezolizumab</kwd><kwd>Durvalumab</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плоскоклеточный рак головы и шеи</kwd><kwd>радио- и химиотерапия</kwd><kwd>ингибирование контрольных точек</kwd><kwd>ипилимумаб</kwd><kwd>ниволумаб</kwd><kwd>пембролизумаб</kwd><kwd>атезолизумаб</kwd><kwd>дурвалумаб</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Aldalwg M.A.H., Brestovac B. Human Papillomavirus Associated Cancers of the Head and Neck: An Australian Perspective. 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