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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Head and Neck Tumors</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Head and Neck Tumors</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухоли головы и шеи</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2222-1468</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-4634</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">942</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/2222-1468-2023-13-4-101-115</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in disease pathogenesis and prognosis: the importance of smoking cessation and the concept of harm reduction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Факторы риска развития плоскоклеточного рака слизистой головы и шеи в патогенезе и прогнозе заболевания: важность отказа от курения и концепция снижения вреда</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-7710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stukan</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стукань</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia Igorevna Stukan</p><p>350063; 4 Mitrofana Sedina St.; 350000; 91 Gogolya St.; 197758; 68 Leningradskaya St.; Krasnodar; Saint Petersburg; Pesochny</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Игоревна Стукань</p><p>350063; ул. Митрофана Седина, 4; 350000;  ул. Гоголя, 91; 197758; ул. Ленинградская, 68; Краснодар;; Санкт-Петербург, Песочный</p></bio><email>jolie86@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3169-9558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bodnya</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бодня</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>350063; 4 Mitrofana Sedina St.; 350086; 167 1<sup>st</sup> May St.; Krasnodar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350063; ул. Митрофана Седина, 4; 350086; ул. 1 Мая, 167; Краснодар </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0572-1395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Porkhanov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Порханов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>350063; 4 Mitrofana Sedina St.; 350086; 167 1<sup>st</sup> May St.; Krasnodar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350063; ул. Митрофана Седина, 4;; 350086; ул. 1 Мая, 167; Краснодар</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4305-6691</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semiglazova</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семиглазова</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>197758;  68 Leningradskaya; 191015; 41 Kirochnaya St.; St. Pesochny, Saint Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197758; ул. Ленинградская, 68; 191015; ул. Кирочная, 41; Санкт-Петербург, Песочный; </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chukhray</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чухрай</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>350040; 146 Dimitrova St.; Krasnodar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040;  ул. Димитрова, 146; Краснодар</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5035-4486</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nefedova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нефедова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>350063; 4 Mitrofana Sedina St.; 350040; 146 Dimitrova St.; Krasnodar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350063; ул. Митрофана Седина, 4; 350040;  ул. Димитрова, 146; Краснодар</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nefedov</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нефедов</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>350040; 146 Dimitrova St.; Krasnodar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040;  ул. Димитрова, 146; Краснодар</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Xenodokhov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ксенодохов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>350040; 146 Dimitrova St.; Krasnodar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040;  ул. Димитрова, 146; Краснодар</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimenko</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максименко</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>350040; 146 Dimitrova St.; Krasnodar</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040;  ул. Димитрова, 146; Краснодар</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Polyclinic No. 4 of Krasnodar, Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Городская поликлиника № 4 г. Краснодара» Минздрава Краснодарского края</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н. Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Institute – Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after Prof. S. V. Ochapovsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт – Краевая клиническая больница № 1 им. проф. С. В. Очаповского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Oncological Dispensary No. 1, Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Клинический онкологический диспансер № 1» Минздрава Краснодарского края</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-06"><day>06</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-06"><day>06</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Stukan A.I., Bodnya V.N., Porkhanov V.A., Semiglazova T.Y., Chukhray O.Y., Nefedova E.A., Nefedov O.N., Xenodokhov D.V., Maksimenko S.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Стукань А.И., Бодня В.Н., Порханов В.А., Семиглазова Т.Ю., Чухрай О.Ю., Нефедова Е.А., Нефедов О.Н., Ксенодохов Д.В., Максименко С.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stukan A.I., Bodnya V.N., Porkhanov V.A., Semiglazova T.Y., Chukhray O.Y., Nefedova E.A., Nefedov O.N., Xenodokhov D.V., Maksimenko S.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стукань А.И., Бодня В.Н., Порханов В.А., Семиглазова Т.Ю., Чухрай О.Ю., Нефедова Е.А., Нефедов О.Н., Ксенодохов Д.В., Максименко С.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ogsh.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/942">https://ogsh.abvpress.ru/jour/article/view/942</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>   Introduction. </bold>Cigarette smoking along with alcohol consumption, infection with human papilloma (HPV) and the Epstein–Barr viruses, is one of the main risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It can also contribute to virus-associated carcinogenesis and affect the clinical and prognostic features of the tumor. Continued smoking at diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a negative prognostic factor and contributes to reduced patient survival rates.</p><p><bold>   Aim. </bold>To analyze the smoking status and the effect of etiopathogenesis on molecular and clinical features in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OpSCC).</p><p><bold>   Materials and methods. </bold>In patients with OPSCC, the smoking status and the level of motivation to its cessation were clarified. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor sections from paraffin blocks from the ThermoScentific immunohis-tosteiner was performed using monoclonal antibodies to estrogen receptors α (ERα), programmed death-ligand 1 (pD-L1), Bcl-2, p53 and p16. The percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the stromal component of the tumor (hematoxylin and eosin staining) was also analyzed.</p><p><bold>   Results.</bold> Of 113 patients with OpSCC, 80 % of patients were current smokers, including 75 % of patients with Hpv-positive tumor status. men with OpSCC were statistically significantly more likely to smoke than women (p = 0.001), as were men with Hpv-positive tumor (p = 0.015). Smoking patients were characterized by a larger size of the primary tumor (T3–4), including those with Hpv (p = 0.015). positive Hpv status of the tumor is associated with autoimmune diseases (autoimmune thyroiditis, psoriasis) (p ˂ 0.05). A high level of TILs is characteristic of smokers, including those with p16+-status (p ˂0.05), but not for all patients with this status. The positive expression of ERα is associated with p16+-status, and the latter is associated with the absence of p53 expression (p ˂0.05). During conservative therapy, tumor regression is associated with the primary tumor size T1–2, p16 + status, female sex, age less than 55 years, TILs level ≥ 57.5 %, pD-L1 expression levels on tumor cells ≥2.2 %, Bcl-2 ≥5 % and ERα ≥65 % (p ˂ 0.05). At the same time, quality of good predictive model for tumor regression showed a TILs level of ≥57.5 % (area under curve, AuC) 0.796; sensitivity 78.6 %; specificity 75 %) and ERα (AuC 0.725; sensitivity 65 %; specificity 83 %). The level of motivation to quit smoking ranged from 1 to 7 points according the 10-point motivation scale in 89 % of respondents. Only 10 patients were ready to quit smoking immediately (10 points on the motivation scale).</p><p><bold>   Conclusion. </bold>Molecular heterogeneity of OPSCC was revealed, including in the group of p16+-tumors. Correlation of clinical and molecular parameters with response to conservative therapy can be used in planning of primary therapy and earlier use of surgical treatment. The level of motivation to quit smoking in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck may be increased by drawing attention to the problem at each doctor’s appointment as well as by informing about how to quit smoking and therapeutic approaches. In unmotivated patients, the concept of reducing the harm of smoking can be used involving the replacement of cigarettes with electronic tobacco heating systems, eliminating the carcinogenic effect of its combustion products.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>   Введение. </bold>Курение сигарет наряду с употреблением алкоголя, инфицированностью вирусами папилломы человека (ВПЧ) и Эпштейна–Барр является одним из основных факторов риска развития плоскоклеточного рака головы и шеи. Также оно может способствовать вирус-ассоциированному канцерогенезу и влиять на клинические и прогностические особенности опухоли. Продолжение курения при установлении диагноза «плоскоклеточный рак головы и шеи» является негативным прогностическим фактором и способствует снижению показателей выживаемости пациентов.</p><p> <bold>  Цель исследования</bold> – анализ статуса курения и влияния этиопатогенеза на молекулярные и клинические особенности у больных орофарингеальным плоскоклеточным раком (ОФПКР).</p><p><bold>   Материалы и методы. </bold>У больных ОФПКР выяснялись статус курения и уровень мотивации к отказу от него. Выполнено иммуногистохимическое исследование срезов опухоли с парафиновых блоков на иммуногистостейнере ThermoScentific с использованием моноклональных антител к эстрогеновым рецепторам α (ЭРα), лиганду рецептора программируемой клеточной гибели 1 (programmed death-ligand 1, pD-L1), Bcl-2, p53 и p16. Также проанализировано процентное содержание опухоль-инфильтрирующих лимфоцитов (TILs) в стромальном компоненте опухоли (окраска гематоксилином и эозином).</p><p><bold>   Результаты.</bold> Из 113 пациентов с ОФПКР 80 % больных были текущими курильщиками, в том числе 75 % больных с ВПЧ-положительным статусом опухоли. Мужчины с ОФПКР статистически значимо чаще курят, чем женщины (р = 0,001), как и мужчины с данной патологией и положительным ВПЧ-статусом (р = 0,015). Для курящих пациентов характерен больший размер первичной опухоли (T3–4), в том числе и для тех из них, у которых выявлен ВПЧ (р = 0,015). Положительный ВПЧ-статус опухоли связан с аутоиммунными заболеваниями (аутоиммунным тиреоидитом, псориазом) (р ˂ 0,05). Высокий уровень TILs характерен для курильщиков, в том числе с р16+-статусом (р ˂ 0,05), но не для всех пациентов с таким статусом. положительная экспрессия ЭРα связана с р16+-статусом, а он – с отсутствием экспрессии р53 (р ˂ 0,05). При проведении консервативной терапии регресс опухоли ассоциирован с размером первичной опухоли T1–2, р16+- статусом, женским полом, возрастом младше 55 лет, уровнем TILs ≥ 57,5 %, уровнями экспрессии pD-L1 на опухолевых клетках ≥2,2 %, Bcl-2 ≥5 % и ЭРα ≥65 % (р ˂0,05). При этом качество хорошей предиктивной модели достижения регрессии опухоли демонстрировали уровень TILs ≥57,5 % (площадь под кривой (area under curve, Аuс) 0,796; чувствительность 78,6 %; специфичность 75 %) и ЭРα (АИс 0,725; чувствительность 65 %; специфичность 83 %). Уровень мотивации к отказу от курения составил от 1 до 7 баллов по 10-балльной шкале мотивации у 89 % опрошенных. Только 10 пациентов были готовы отказаться от курения незамедлительно (10 баллов по шкале мотивации).</p><p><bold>   Заключение. </bold>Выявлена молекулярная гетерогенность ОФПКР, в том числе в группе р16+-опухолей. Корреляцию клинико-молекулярных параметров с ответом на консервативную терапию можно использовать при планировании первичной терапии и более раннего применения хирургического лечения. Повысить уровень мотивации к отказу от курения у больных плоскоклеточным раком головы и шеи можно с помощью привлечения внимания к проблеме на каждом приеме врача, а также информирования о способах отказа от курения и лечебных подходах. У немотивированных пациентов может быть использована концепция снижения вреда курения, предполагающая замену сигарет на электронные системы нагревания табака, исключающие канцерогенное влияние его продуктов горения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>head and neck squamous cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>oropharyngeal cancer</kwd><kwd>smoking status</kwd><kwd>p16-status</kwd><kwd>harm reduction concept of smoking</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плоскоклеточный рак головы и шеи</kwd><kwd>рак ротоглотки</kwd><kwd>статус курения</kwd><kwd>р16-статус</kwd><kwd>концепция снижения вреда от курения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed without external funding</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pemberton M. 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