Results of treating of 99 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer spreading beyond the capsule of the organ were analysed. In most cases with spreading the tumor to the tracheal rings performing of organ-preserving operations (from “window-like” tracheal resections to circular tracheal resection with intertracheal anastomosis) is possible. Choosing of type of operation to be performed depends on localisation and spread of tumor invasion of trachea, pharynx and esophagus. Using of combined operations in patients with locally-spread thyroid cancer allows to achieve long and stable remission in most of the cases.

Background: to examine the role of long-term intra-arterial chemotherapy (CT) for therapy of patients with non-epithelial malignant tumors of maxilla, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Material and methodology of the study. 38 patients with non-epithelial malignant tumors of maxilla, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses received therapy during the period from 2000 to 2008 and in 2014. Osteosarcoma was revealed with 12 (31.5 %) of patients. Depending on the therapy method, the patients were divided into 4 groups: 1) long-term intra-arterial CT with local ultra-high-frequency hyperthermia and radiation therapy (RT) (n = 10); 2) long-term intra-arterial CT and RT (n = 13); 3) systemic polyCT and RT (n = 6); 4) RT with subsequent surgery (n = 9). The following scheme was used by us most frequently: cisplatin with the total dose of 100 mg; total dose with the total dose of 60 mg and cyclophosphamide with the total dose of 1,000 mg, but intramuscularly. Long-term regional intra-arterial chemotherapy was performed for patients of the 1st  and the 2nd  group by ligation and catheterization of the external carotid artery. The degree of toxicity of the CT was determined by the NCIC-СТС scale of the WHO.

Results and discussion. The highest toxicity was observed in the 3rd  group of patients treated with CT intravenously. In its turn, increasing of the frequency of local side effects in the form of the stomatitis of the II and the III degree was observed in the 1st and the 2nd group as compared to the 3rd group of patients. General toxicity to which nausea, vomiting, leukopenia was attributed was most expressed in the 3rd group Objective (full + partial) effect was reached in the 1st group of 10 patients with 9 patients (90 %), in the 2 nd  group of 13 patients with 11 patients (84.6 %), and in the 3rd group of 6 patients with 3 patients (50 %). This is associated with the fact that the concentration of chemical drugs in the tumor is increased as a result of regional intra-arterial CT, which allowed achieving the maximum tumor damage with minimum effect of chemical drugs on various organs and systems of the organism and favored decreasing of toxicity of chemical drugs as compared to the 3 rd group of patients that received systemic CT by intravenous dripping.

Conclusions. The patients that received neoadjuvant regional intra-arterial CT demonstrated the direct effect of therapy higher than the ones that received systemic CT. Long-term intra-arterial CT delivers the chemical drug directly to the center of the tumor lesion and creates the maximum concentration and prolonged contact of the chemotherapy drug with the tumor.

The article represents a detailed technique of hiding mucosa defects in the retromolar area with temporal fascial and aponeurotic flap as applied to the surgical stage in the combined and complex treatment.

Results of studies performed have shown high efficiency of drug therapy for treatment of patients with breast cancer (BC) with brain metastases. The best results regarding survival rate have been achieved for treatment of BC patients with brain metastases and HER2 hyperexpression. At present, studies are performed regarding examination of new anticancer drugs and their use in combination with radiotherapy for treatment of BC patients with brain metastases. It is necessary to perform studies of efficiency of various schemes of drug therapy depending on biological properties of the primary tumor. The issue of sequence of application of drug therapy and radiotherapy for metastatic brain lesions also remains actual.

Growth of occurrence of malignant epithelial tumors of the nasal cavity (NC) and the paranasal sinuses (PNS) is noted. Absolute majority of patients come for treatment with the III and the IV stage of the disease. No trend for decreasing of the untreatedness parameter is observed. Increasing of the efficiency of treatment of patients with cancer depends on timely diagnostics. The main reason of late diagnostics is insufficient oncological alertness of doctors in polyclinics. The issues of therapy tactics at the stage of pre-tumor diseases of the NC and the PNS remain unsolved, while background process that precede development of cancer are morphologically revealed with 56.7 % of patients. One of the most frequently occurred background development processes of the NC and the PNS cancer is chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis (CPR). The degree of occurrence of CPR is high, and the annual growth of its incidence by 2 to 4 % has been observed for the previous 10 years. There are only certain works that view CPR as a pre-cancer disease.

The objective of the study is improvement of results of early diagnostics of cancer and optimization of the surgical tactics with pre-cancer diseases of the upper jaw and the PNS.

Materials and methods. Retrospective and prospective clinical and morphological analysis of data of 58 patients with benign polypous changes (BPC) and of 182 patients with malignant epithelial tumors (MET)  of the NC and the PNS treated at the Arkhangelsk Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary from 1980 to 2010 has been performed.

Results and discussion The maximum number of patients in both groups is at the age category from 40 to 59 years. Besides, the average age of patients with the BPC was lower than that of the patients with the MET (45.6 ± 2.3 and 54.0 ± 1.5 years old, respectively).

Patients of working age prevailed both in the group with the BPC and the group with the MET of the NC and the PNS (19.0 / 81.0 % and 39.6 / 62.1 %, respectively).

 Males prevailed in the group with the BPC (53.4 % of males and 46.6 % of females), and females prevailed in the group with the MET (39.6 % of males and 60.4 % of females). However, we believe that this controversy to our hypothesis is explained with greater life expectancy of females (females are the prevailing majority in the groups of age category of 70 to 89 years old: 19.8 % are females, 5.3 % are males).

The prevailing number of patients with the BPC (77.6 %) lived in cities, and such number in the group of patients with the MET was 54.9 %. The most frequent type of operative treatment of patients with the BPC was electrical maxillar ethmoidectomy that was performed in 82.9 % of cases. Relapse after performance of electrical maxillar ethmoidectomy was demostrated by 2 patients which comprised 4.3 %.

In significant number of cases (70,6 % in the group with the BPC and 65.9 % in the group with the MET), the pathological process was localized in the maxillar cavity. Most frequently, glandular-fibrous polyps were revealed (42.1 %), and this morphological structure prevaled with male patients (57.9 % with males and 26.3 % with females); MET of the NC and the PNS, in their turn, also more frequently occurred with males.

In 69.0 %, the CPR has been the background for severe epithelial dysplasia, and the CPR, in its turn, was reveled with 39.8 % of patients with the MET.

Conclusion. We believe that the data provided prove the key role of the CPR in development of MET of the NC and the PNS.

Advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have resulted in an increasing number of molecules-biomarkers that can be used for prediction of behaviour of this disease to achieve the above objective.

We identified and classified 24 molecular biomarkers into five groups based on their biological functions: 1) cell cycle acceleration and proliferation; 2) hypoxia-inducible factors; 3) tumour suppression and apoptosis; 4) angiogenesis; 5) cell adhesion and matrix degradation. We considered articles published in PubMed-indexed journals over the past 8 years and conducted a literature review of studies examining the role of immunohistochemistry-based protein biomarkers in predicting OSCC outcome.

Study objective: development of the new method of reconstruction of upper section of the aerodigestive tract with the use of a microsurgical colonic-ileal autogenic graft that allows instant recovery of the food passage and voice function.

A clinical case of successful treatment of a patient with locally distributed hypopharynx cancer is provided, regarding which microsurgical reconstruction of upper sections of the aerodigestive tract was performed with a free colonic-ileal autogenic graft at the surgical stage of therapy after laryngectomy with sleeve resection of the hypopharynx.

The use of a colonic-ileal autogenic graft in the course of reconstruction of upper sections of the aerodigestive tract allowed instant recovery of both food passage and voice function for the patient after laryngectomy with sleeve resection of the hypopharynx.Conclusions:

1. Application of this autogenic graft as a plastic material allows recovering both food passage and voice function instantly and completely with circular defects of upper sections of the aerodigestive tract.

2. The ileocecal valve included into the structure of the combined autogenic graft prevents saliva and food aspiration into the trachea through the tracheo-oesophageal shunt.

3. Mucous secretion of the autogenic graft has no aggressive action on the mucous membrane of the trachea, which allows implementation of the vocal rehabilitation plan.

4. After the flap formation, there is no functional or aesthetic damage in the donor area.

5. This reconstruction method cuts down the rehabilitation time significantly as well as decreases the patient’s disability level.